Emergency Use and Compassionate Use of Experimental Drugs and Devices

Most administration/use of unapproved devices, drugs or biologics is part of a systematic clinical trial. All clinical investigations, including pilot studies, require prior IRB review and approval. Almost all clinical studies are conducted under an Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) or an Investigational New Drug (IND) exemption obtained from the FDA.

Use of an investigational drug, biological product, or medical device generally requires either an IND (for unapproved drugs and biologics) or an IDE (for unapproved devices).

However, the FDA's “emergency use” exemption allows the use of a test article on a human subject in a life-threatening situation in which no standard acceptable treatment is available, and in which there is not sufficient time to obtain IRB approval.

A physician who treats a patient under emergency use provisions must justify the treatment according to strict criteria, consult with the IRB, and fulfill specific follow-up/reporting responsibilities in a timely manner, as described in detail below.

Note: Emergency use is emergency clinical care and does not meet the DHHS definition of research. IRB agreement that a particular case meets FDA criteria for emergency use applies to the treatment of one patient only and is not the same as IRB approval to conduct a research study.

Expanded access, sometimes called "compassionate use," is the use outside of a clinical trial of an investigational medical product. A patient may be able to receive the product (when appropriate)  through expanded access when enrollment in a clinical trial is not possible, e.g., a patient is not eligible for any ongoing clinical trials, or there are no ongoing clinical trials. 

Such use of an investigational drug, biologic or device falls into one of the following expanded access treatment mechanisms. Prior IRB review and approval is required, even if only one patient is to be treated under the following mechanisms. In most circumstances, prior approval by the FDA is also required.

Expanded Access Treatment Mechanisms:

Treatment INDs or Individual Patient Access to Investigational Drugs/Devices for Serious Diseases: These mechanisms are primarily intended to give seriously ill patients access to experimental drugs or devices where no comparable or satisfactory alternative treatment is available. Although the test article sponsor is expected to continue conventional clinical trials and pursue marketing approvals with due diligence, expanded access studies involve systematic use of experimental treatments, and, with very rare exceptions, require the same review and approval as research, including both IRB approval and FDA approval in the form of an IDE (medical device) or an IND (drug/biologic).

Open Protocols (Parallel Track, Open Label Protocol, Open Label IND) or Continued Access IDEs: These uncontrolled studies are typically used when controlled trials have ended and treatment is continued so the subjects may continue to receive the benefits of the test article until marketing approval is obtained. Informed consent and prior IRB approval are required.

To allow treatment of a single patient who does not meet the entry criteria of an IRB-approved protocol, the PI should submit a written request to IRB for a one-time, one-patient enrollment exception. Such a request, which should be rare, must be justified in terms of serving the best interests of the patient.

See the enrollment exception info on Modification page for info on how to submit this request. Note: IRB approval is required before the exception can be made.

Planned research designed to evaluate emergency care treatments is not “emergency use.” As with all other clinical research, prospective IRB review and approval are required before a clinical study in emergency medicine can begin. See the Research in Emergency Settings page for details, including info on the emergency medical research waiver of informed consent.

Emergency use provisions apply to investigational drugs, biologics and devices. The innovative use of a marketed drug or device (sometimes called “off-label” use) for individual patient treatment rather than for research purposes does not require IRB review.

Important Note: Treating a series of patients in a novel or innovative manner and analyzing the results for publication is research requiring prior IRB review. Review the "Innovative Procedures, Treatment or Instructional Methods" section of the Quick Guide: Activities Requiring IRB Review for more info.

An HDE is a special approval given by the FDA that allows marketing a device that is designed to treat or diagnose a condition that affects no more than 8000 individuals per year. An HDE is given even though the efficacy of the device has not been tested or proven, because it is not financially feasible to do the usual clinical testing when so few individuals are affected. The FDA requires IRB approval prior to use of a Humanitarian Use Device (HUD), even though the use is not considered research.

The IRB requires a standard application, use of a consent form similar to research consent and annual review. The initial review for this application must be done by the full committee; however, the annual continuing reviews can be done through expedited procedures. Call the IRB office for additional guidance. UCSF guidelines are under development.

Detailed instructions are provided in the Compliance Checklist. A brief summary follows:

• If a treating physician is planning to use an unapproved drug, biologic, or device under emergency use provisions, he/she must contact the IRB office at 415-476-1814 prior to the emergency use, if at all possible. The IRB office is well staffed and calls regarding emergency use are handled as expeditiously as possible.
• The IRB office will ask a few questions and direct the treating physician to the appropriate Chair or Vice Chair. The Chair will review the case with the physician to determine if the case meets FDA criteria for emergency use.
• If it is known in advance that it will not be possible to obtain consent from the patient or the patient’s legally authorized representative, the physician should also discuss with the Chair whether the use meets FDA criteria for waiving consent.
• If the Chair agrees that the proposed treatment meets the FDA criteria for emergency use and, if applicable, waiver of consent, the IRB will send the physician a letter documenting that the FDA criteria have been met. Sponsors often require a copy of this letter from the IRB before they will ship or release the test article. Early interaction with the IRB will help expedite the preparation of the letter, if needed.

The treating physician also must submit a post-use report to the IRB within five (5) working days of use, as described below.

Before the emergency use, every effort should be made to obtain informed consent signed by the patient or the patient’s surrogate (legally authorized representative). If written informed consent is not possible, there are special provisions for an informed consent waiver.

Whether the physician writes the consent or uses a template consent from another source (e.g. the sponsor/manufacturer of the test article), the emergency use consent should contain the elements of informed consent found in the UCSF template, but need not follow the UCSF format and wording. It must be stated clearly that:

• there is no guarantee of benefit and
• the treatment is experimental and not approved by the FDA.

Because the FDA exempts emergency use from requirements for IRB review, prior IRB approval of the consent form is not needed. A signed copy of the informed consent must be included in the post-use written report.

Waiver of Consent:

If prior consent is not possible, federal regulations [21 CFR 50.23] allow a waiver under the following conditions:

• If at all possible, before the emergency use the treating physician and a physician not involved in clinical investigation of the test article certify in writing that:

1. The patient is confronted with a life-threatening situation.
2. The physician cannot communicate with the patient.
3. Time is not sufficient to obtain consent from the patient’s surrogate (legally authorized representative).
4. No alternative method of approved or generally recognized therapy is available that provides equal or greater likelihood of saving the patient’s life.

• If immediate use of the test article is needed to preserve the patient’s life, and there is not sufficient time to secure an independent physician’s determination that the four conditions described above apply, the treating physician must have the written determination reviewed and signed by an independent physician within five working days after the emergency use of the test article.
• Include a copy of the written determination with the post-use written report.

The FDA must be notified of the emergency use by the holder of the IND (investigational drugs and biologics) or IDE (medical devices). The FDA usually provides a new number for the specific emergency use.

• Industry-sponsored IND/IDE: The physician must notify the manufacturer or sponsor about the emergency use and the sponsor notifies the FDA for IND/IDE approval.
• Physician-sponsored IND/IDE, or if no IND/IDE exists: The physician must notify the FDA about the emergency use at the numbers provided below.

For tracking purposes, the FDA requires the treating physician to document the emergency use in writing and submit the report to the IRB within five (5) working days. The report must include the treatment justification, a copy of the informed consent, and a description of the results obtained from using the test article.

 The physician may use the Post-use Written Report Form or a separate report that must contain the following information:

1. Physician’s name, department address, phone numbers
2. Name of test article (unapproved drug, biologic, or device)
3. Name of sponsor (IND/IDE holder for test article)
4. Date of IRB notification
5. Date the test article was used
6. Name of patient
7. Rationale for test article use
8. Results of test article use: If not available within the initial reporting period (5 working days), results must be reported to IRB within 10 working days of the occurrence.
9. The IND or IDE number.
10. Copy of signed informed consent form or justification to waive informed consent.

 IMPORTANT NOTE: Any adverse event that results from the emergency use of an investigational drug or device is subject to adverse event reporting requirements.